河北二本大学,从化市旅游局,商丘市回中
《Social Development Trends and Achievements Over 40 Years》
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In the 40 years since the reform and opening-up policy was adopted, China has had fi ve major achievements in social development.
First, people’s well-being has improved and the middle-income group has expanded. In 2017 the per-capita disposable income of Chinese residents reached 25,974 yuan （$3,770）, a real growth nearly 22.8 times more than in 1978 after deducting price factors. The erage annual growth was 8.5 percent. Per-capita consumption expenditure stood at 18,322 yuan （$2,659）, a real growth 18 times more over 1978, with an erage annual growth of 7.8 percent.
In 2017, the Engel’s coefficient for Chinese residents was 29.3 percent, 34.6 percentage points lower than the 63.9 percent in 1978, reaching a stage of affluence. No matter whether measured against the standards of the World Bank, or the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics or any general international standard, China’s middle-income group is growing.
Second, people’s living conditions and employment he improved. Although the economy faces downward pressure, employment still remains stable. From 2013 to 2017, 13 million job opportunities were created every year, and the surveyed urban unemployment rate was controlled to around 5 percent. In 2017, the number of migrant workers in China totaled 286 million. All this laid a solid foundation for harmony and stability of the whole society.
The most signifi cant change in people’s lives has been housing. From 1978 to 2017, the per-capita living space of Chinese residents increased from 3.6 square meters to 40 square meters. In 1984, 88.2 percent of urban residents lived in state-owned housing, and only 9.4 percent lived in selfowned houses. In 2017, more than 90 percent of Chinese residents lived in selfowned houses, the highest in the world.
Third, great achievements he been made in poverty reduction. In the 40 years of reform and opening up, China has lifted 740 million people out of poverty. The poverty line in China’s rural areas is higher than the international extreme poverty line of $1.9 a day in terms of purchasing power parity. China has set the target of eliminating all extreme poverty in rural areas under the current standard by 2020.
Fourth, education has developed rapidly, and the standard of the labor force improved remarkably. From 1978 to 2017, the number of universities and colleges in China increased from 598 to 2,914, and college and university enrollment rose from 867,000 to 37.79 million. The gross enrollment rate for higher education increased from 1.55 percent to 45.7 percent.
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